Court Nobles among Renowned Masters and Friends: The Imperial Court and Albums of Calligraphy and Painting in the Early 19th-Century Kyoto-Osaka Region
諸名家・諸名友のなかの公家 ― 十九世紀初頭の上方における書画帖と朝廷

Yoshitaka YAMAMOTO (National Institute of Japanese Literature) 山本嘉孝(国文学研究資料館)

A large number of Kyoto- and Osaka-based literati and painters such as Murase Kōtei, Ueda Akinari, Maruyama Ōkyo, and Goshun took part in the literary-artistic salon of Dharma Prince Shinnin of Myōhōin (1768-1805), an older brother of Emperor Kōkaku. The involvement of court nobles in the literary and artistic scenes of the Kyoto-Osaka region in the late 18th and early 19th centuries deserves attention. Incidentally, this period coincides with Kōkaku's reign as emperor (1779-1817) and retired emperor (1817-1840).

This presentation will highlight the inclusion of works (including critiques) by court nobles in albums of calligraphy and painting (shogajō) that purported to include pieces brushed by "renowned masters" or "renowned friends," and were created and/or published in Kyoto and the surrounding regions in the early 19th century. Its aim will be to understand how and why early 19th-century Japanese literati and painters interacted with court nobles. After introducing Minagawa Kien's observations on the popularity of calligraphy and painting albums, I will focus on calligraphy pieces, paintings, and poems by court nobles included in the following four albums of calligraphy and painting: Chikudō gafu (1800) and Chikudō gafu nihen (1815), polychrome woodblock-printed albums published and/or sold by Hishiya Magobei (along with other publishing houses) in Kyoto; Meisū gafu (1810), a bag-bound monochrome work published in Wakayama, Kii Province; and Jūjun kagetsu (1827), a multi-author, autographed manuscript album created during Rai Kyōhei's travels in the Kyoto-Osaka region. For comparison, I will also touch on Chikusa shōhin (preface dated 1813), a polychrome woodblock- printed album published in Edo.

On one level, court nobles interacted with literati and painters of ordinary birth on equal terms, as literati in their own right. On another level, however, the albums that will be examined in this presentation suggest that literati of imperial lineage received special treatment. Commoner literati, as well as commercial publishers, could hope to gain prestige by being associated with members of the nobility. In turn, court nobles benefited from the scholarly, literary, and artistic expertise of socially lower-ranking, but highly accomplished, individuals. The presentation will close by asking whether the nobility's participation in plebeian literati circles may have had any effect on the social and political climate of late Edo-period Japan leading up to the Meiji Restoration.

光格天皇の実兄、妙法院宮真仁法親王(1768~1805)の文芸・芸術サロンには、村瀬栲亭、上田秋成、円山応挙、呉春など上方の文人・絵師たちが数多く参加した。18 世紀末~19 世紀初めの上方の文壇・画壇における公家の存在は、注目に値する。なおこの時期は、光格天皇の天皇・太上天皇としての在位期間(1779~1817、1817~1840)と重なる。

本発表では、「諸名家」や「諸名友」の筆跡を集めることを謳って 19 世紀初頭の京都やその周辺で制作・出版された書画帖に、公家の作品(評を含む)が収められていることに光を当て、いかにして、またなぜ、この時期の文人・絵師たちが公家と交流したのかについて検討する。書画帖の流行に関する皆川淇園の記述を概観した上で、四点の書画帖に載る公家の書画・詩歌を考察する。それらの書画帖は、菱屋孫兵衛など京都の書肆が出版・売り出しに関与した多色刷りの書画帖『竹堂画譜』(寛政十二年〈1800〉刊)と『竹堂画譜二篇』(文化十二年〈1815〉刊)、紀州和歌山で出版された墨刷り・袋綴じの『名数画譜』(文化七年〈1810〉刊)、頼杏坪が上方を旅した際、複数の人物たちによる肉筆作品を集めた書画帖『十旬花月』(文政十年〈1827〉跋)である。比較の対象として、江戸で刊行された多色刷りの書画帖『竹沙小品』(文化十年〈1810〉序刊)にも触れる。

ある側面においては、公家は一角の文人として、一般的な出自の文人・絵師と対等に関わり合った。しかし他方では、本発表で取り上げる書画帖から、公家の文人たちが特別な扱いを受けていた様相も浮かび上がる。平人の文人や、商業活動を行う書肆は、公家と関係を結ぶことで、自らの権威付けを図ることができた。公家の側も、社会的地位は低くとも学術・文芸・芸術に秀でた人々の優れた知識から得るものが大きかった。一般人の文人ネットワークへの公家の参加が、明治維新に至るまでの幕末日本の社会や政治的状況に影響を及ぼしたかについても検討する。

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